Basic research, applied research or experimental development?
29 October 2026 · Article · Frascati Manual
The three types of R&D in the Frascati Manual, explained with the manual's own examples from chemistry, computing, agriculture, economics, education and music – and the one question that decides the type.
Is it an innovation? Eight everyday cases
29 October 2026 · Article · Oslo Manual
A new logo, online sales, a flop, a copied idea: eight everyday cases checked against the definition of business innovation in the Oslo Manual 2018, with paragraph references.
Is it R&D? A five-question test
26 October 2026 · Article · Frascati Manual
How to tell whether a project counts as research and experimental development (R&D) under the Frascati Manual: five questions, the usual traps, and what to do when only part of a project qualifies.
R&D spending as a share of GDP: how to read it
26 October 2026 · Article · Frascati Manual
What the indicator 'R&D expenditure as % of GDP' (GERD/GDP) measures, what it includes and leaves out, and how to read Poland's figures for 2020–2025.